HomeFR

The State of Canada’s Birds

A partnership between

icon

Environment and Climate Change Canada

Canada’s birds have stories to tell.

The rise and fall of bird populations tells us how they, and by extension their habitats, are doing. Birds reflect our impact on the environment, tell us where conservation action is working, and show us where we need to focus more effort.


This report is a partnership between Birds Canada and Environment and Climate Change Canada. It explores the status of Canada’s bird populations today, how they have changed over time, and what we can all do to help the birds that call Canada home.

scroll to continue
scroll indicator icon

Birds and People Have Shared Canada's Lands Since Time Immemorial

Indigenous peoples are the first biodiversity protectors and stewards of the lands, waters, and ice across Canada. This report presents data collected on the traditional territories of First Nations, Inuit, and the Métis Nation. We respectfully acknowledge the history, cultural significance, and ongoing stewardship of birds by Indigenous communities and wish to carry the concepts of respect, connection, and responsibility forward as we help tell the story of Canada's birds.

paper clip

Canada's Birds at a Glance

Canada’s bird populations have changed. Some have grown in the last 50 years, while others have declined dramatically. To better understand these changes, we can sort Canada’s birds into groups based on where and how they live their lives. Many of these groups contain species with similar trends. This suggests they are facing common threats or benefitting from the same conservation actions. These patterns help us understand what has happened to Canada’s birds, and how we can act to conserve them.


The trend graphs in this report are based on over 50 years of data from monitoring programs across the country, collected by dedicated Citizen Scientists and biologists. These graphs use a population index to show the percent change in populations over time. The shape and direction of the line is what matters, as it tells us how a population is doing relative to where it started. The species contained in each group are listed in the methods. Some species may fit into more than one group.

section-header

Population change by species

In addition to looking at birds in groups, it is important to look at individual species. The figure below shows how many of Canada’s bird species have populations that have increased, decreased, or stayed about the same.
section-header
Increased (31%)

143 species have increased in population since 1970.

Little change (21%)

98 species have experienced little change since 1970.

Decreased (36%)

168 species have decreased in population since 1970.

143

species

98

species

168

species

Data deficient (12%)

54

species
For 54 species, there is not enough data to determine a trend in their populations. Many of these species live in remote places or are secretive, making them difficult to monitor.


You can help bridge the data gap by becoming a Citizen Scientist today.

Get Involved

The remainder of this report includes three sections:

  • Groups in Focus breaks Canada's birds down into groups and looks at the trends and threats they share.
  • Goals for Conservation introduces The State of Canada's Birds population goals, and why immediate action is critical.
  • Act, Advocate, Conserve provides easy, practical ways to help birds, and highlights work that is underway to reverse declines.

You can navigate between them using the menu in the bottom right corner.

You can also visit The State of Canada's Birds home page to explore the species accounts behind this report, or read the detailed methods.

section-header

Groups in Focus

This section takes a closer look at each of the groups of birds identified in the introduction. Each group offers insight into the health of our natural world. Examining these groups helps identify common threats and guide conservation action. We can learn from our past successes, and apply those lessons to helping birds that are now in trouble.

Species groups

Waterfowl
Waterfowl
Birds of Prey
Birds of Prey
Wetland Birds
Wetland Birds
Marine Birds
Marine Birds
Forest Birds
Forest Birds
Arctic Birds
Arctic Birds
Long-Distance Migrants
Long-Distance Migrants
Shorebirds
Shorebirds
Aerial Insectivores
Aerial Insectivores
Grassland Birds
Grassland Birds
paper clip

Waterfowl

These web-footed birds live in nearly all aquatic and marine habitats in Canada, and include geese, swans, and ducks. Some, like the cosmopolitan Mallard and urban-dwelling Canada Goose, are among our most familiar birds. Others make their homes in wilder places, with many species breeding in Arctic tundra, boreal wetlands, or prairie marshes. Many species of waterfowl are hunted and some species are an important source of food for Indigenous peoples.
Feature species

Wood Duck

Waterfowl
The Wood Duck is a spectacular inhabitant of swamps and marshes. Surprisingly for a duck, it nests high off the ground in tree cavities near its wetland habitats. The ducklings leave the nest at just one day old, taking a daring leap from their lofty home to the forest floor below.


Once threatened by habitat loss and overhunting, Wood Ducks have increased in Canada thanks to habitat conservation, the installation of nest boxes, and hunting regulation. The resurgence of this showstopping swimmer is proof that we can reverse declines when we understand threats and take action.

Go to species account
Waterfowl

A conservation success

This group has recovered well from past declines thanks to informed, targeted, and sustained conservation action. Much of this action has been international and collaborative, like the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. This success shows that we have the power to turn trends around. Our work is not done though, as conserving wetland and prairie habitat is crucial to maintaining the gains made over the last 50 years.
section-header
Waterfowl

Population change by species

Over 78% of waterfowl populations have either increased or changed little since 1970. This is good news, and the result of sustained conservation action. However, many long-term increases have started leveling off and some species, like the Northern Pintail, show long-term declines. Continued monitoring and conservation work is essential to ensure we don’t lose what we have gained.
section-header
Increased (46%)

17 species have increased in population since 1970.

Little change (32%)

12 species have experienced little change since 1970.

Decreased (22%)

8 species have decreased in population since 1970.

17

species

12

species

8

species

Data deficient (0%)

0

species
Waterfowl are among the best monitored and understood groups of birds in Canada, and there are no species that are considered data deficient. You can help continue to monitor these birds by becoming a citizen scientist today.
Get Involved
Waterfowl

Threats and conservation

section-header

Threats

Although many waterfowl populations have increased, this group still faces threats like the destruction of wetlands and surrounding habitats for development and agriculture. Climate change adds pressure to this situation, especially in the Prairies where droughts are becoming more frequent and severe.


In their coastal and marine habitats, sea ducks are threatened by interactions with shipping, aquaculture, and commercial fishing. Waterfowl in all habitats are harmed by water pollution, and they are particularly susceptible to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), which is an emerging threat.

Conservation actions

Support efforts to conserve, enhance, or restore wetlands, coastal areas, and surrounding habitats, including programs that compensate landowners for maintaining wetlands.
Demand action to address the causes of climate change and mitigate its effects.
Support clean water initiatives that reduce agricultural and industrial runoff, improve wastewater management, or reduce plastic waste.
Buy a stamp to support Wildlife Habitat Canada’s Conservation Stamp program.
Report sick or dead birds to help monitor Avian Influenza in Canada.

Birds of Prey

Birds of prey, also known as raptors, have hooked beaks and powerful feet with sharp talons for hunting. Members of this group live in nearly every habitat in Canada, and include the falcons, owls, hawks, eagles, and osprey. Vultures, though they do not hunt, are also included in this group as their scavenging diet exposes them to similar threats.
Feature species

Peregrine Falcon

Birds of Prey
The Peregrine Falcon is the fastest animal in the world, hunting for other birds in spectacular dives at speeds that can exceed 350 km/h. Naturally a cliff dweller, the Peregrine now also makes its home on buildings and bridges in many large cities.


In the 1950s, poisoning from the pesticide DDT nearly wiped the Peregrine Falcon out in eastern North America. The advocacy of scientists, conservation groups, and the public led to the banning of DDT and ambitious conservation efforts. The Peregrine Falcon has made an incredible recovery thanks to this collective action, and become a flagship example of conservation success.

Go to species account
Birds of Prey

A steady recovery

Many birds of prey declined in the mid-1900s, largely due to poisoning from agricultural pesticides like DDT. The recovery of this group is a result of monitoring, research, and advocacy: monitoring showed the birds were declining, research revealed the cause, and advocacy produced large-scale change. They are a perfect example of how urgent, informed action can save species.
section-header
Birds of Prey

Population change by species

Many bird of prey populations have increased in Canada since 1970. This recovery is good news but some species, like the grassland-loving Burrowing Owl, have declined. We must continue to monitor this group closely, especially species that rely on habitats that are under threat.
section-header
Increased (49%)

17 species have increased in population since 1970.

Little change (20%)

7 species have experienced little change since 1970.

Decreased (26%)

9 species have decreased in population since 1970.

17

species

7

species

9

species

Data deficient (6%)

2

species
For 2 species, there is not enough data to determine a trend in their populations.


Both of these species are owls. The Nocturnal Owl Survey is working to fill these data gaps. Follow the link below to learn how to participate.

Get Involved
Birds of Prey

Threats and conservation

section-header

Threats

Although they appear to be doing well as a group, birds of prey are still vulnerable to pesticides and rodenticides that contaminate their prey. Birds in this group live in a wide variety of habitats, and in many places habitat loss also puts them at risk. This is especially true for raptors that rely on grasslands, a habitat that is quickly disappearing.


Collisions with cars, windows, and other human-made structures also cause mortality in these birds. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) is a new risk to birds of prey, as they appear to be particularly susceptible to the disease.

Conservation actions

Reduce the use of pesticides and rodenticides, and support the use of less harmful alternatives.
Support efforts to conserve, enhance, or restore habitats such as wetlands, grasslands, and forests.
Be alert for low-flying raptors when driving, treat windows to reduce bird strikes, and support initiatives to reduce collisions of all types.
Report sick or dead birds to help monitor Avian Influenza in Canada.

Wetland Birds

Wetland birds are a diverse group of species that live in vegetated, freshwater habitats. This group includes some ducks and geese, as well as other swimming and diving birds like loons and grebes. There are also species that wade at the water’s edge or skulk through vegetation, like herons and rails, and a few water-loving songbirds too. This report focuses on wetlands that lie south of the boreal forest, which face the greatest pressure from human activity.
Feature species

Least Bittern

Wetland Birds
Standing as tall as a water bottle and weighing less than a deck of cards, the Least Bittern is the tiniest heron in the world. It is rarely seen and only occasionally heard, as it softly grunts from deep in the marshes it inhabits. Its small size and secretive habits make this bird one of North America's most poorly known species.


The Canadian population of Least Bittern appears relatively stable, but it is listed as a Threatened species and is vulnerable to wetland loss and degradation. The more we can learn about this cryptic species, the better.

Go to species account
Wetland Birds

A return on investment

Overall, wetland bird populations have increased slightly since 1970. There has been much investment in wetland conservation and stewardship since the mid-1900s, and these efforts likely underpin this rise. Despite the positive group trend, some species have declined. Continued action is needed to preserve wetland habitat for these and other members of this group.
section-header
Wetland Birds

Population change by species

Wetland bird population trends are highly variable among species. Many populations are increasing, likely as a result of wetland conservation efforts in the last half-century. Many others are declining though, as wetland loss and degradation is still a threat in many areas. Ongoing work to preserve wetlands is vital for this group.
section-header
Increased (38%)

24 species have increased in population since 1970.

Little change (30%)

19 species have experienced little change since 1970.

Decreased (25%)

16 species have decreased in population since 1970.

24

species

19

species

16

species

Data deficient (6%)

4

species
For 4 species, there is not enough data to determine a trend in their populations.


Volunteers across Canada are contributing to our knowledge of wetland birds through the Marsh Monitoring Program. To learn about participating, follow the link below.

Get Involved
Wetland Birds

Threats and conservation

section-header

Threats

The biggest threat to wetland birds is the destruction or degradation of the wetlands they rely on. About 70% of wetlands in southern Canada were lost to development and agriculture by 1990. These sensitive habitats are also particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and pollution.


Healthy and abundant wetlands are critical for this group. Wetlands also help us fight climate change by storing more carbon than any other ecosystem, and acting as sponges that buffer nearby communities from floods and droughts.

Conservation actions

Support efforts to conserve, enhance, or restore wetlands and surrounding habitats, including programs that compensate landowners for maintaining wetlands.
Demand action to address the causes of climate change and mitigate its effects.
Use apps like iNaturalist to help identify and report invasive plant species.
Support clean water initiatives that reduce agricultural and industrial runoff, improve wastewater management, or reduce plastic waste.
Buy a stamp to support Wildlife Habitat Canada’s Conservation Stamp program.

Marine Birds

Marine birds depend on the ocean, and many spend almost their entire lives at sea. Some, like puffins and murres, nest on islands and seashores in Canada. Others, like many sea ducks, move inland to breed on lakes and rivers. Many species in this group, like albatrosses and most shearwaters, only visit Canadian waters in their nonbreeding seasons.
Feature species

Leach's Storm-Petrel

Marine Birds
This small, long-lived, wide-ranging seabird nests in burrows on remote islands off the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. Leach’s Storm-Petrels spend their days at sea and visit their burrows at night, making them difficult to study. Baccalieu Island, off the coast of Newfoundland, hosts the largest colony in the world, with over three million nesting pairs.


The Leach’s Storm-Petrel has declined significantly in the last 40 years. It faces many threats, including climate change and predation. Light pollution is a risk, too, as the birds are attracted to lights on shore, vessels, and oil rigs where they can become stranded.

Go to species account
Marine Birds

A knowledge gap

Canada’s marine bird populations appear to have changed little since 1970, but in recent decades, the trend has turned downward. This is worrying, because globally many marine birds are in trouble. Seeing declines nationally means we must be vigilant, as Canada’s extensive coastlines and large marine bird populations make it clear that Canada has a high degree of responsibility for marine bird conservation.


Adding to the challenge, many of these ocean wanderers are difficult to study, and are data deficient. Filling data gaps will help us better understand how marine birds in Canada are faring, and how to address threats.

section-header
Marine Birds

Population change by species

Among species for which there is enough data, many marine bird populations have decreased. Notably though, over a third of all species in this group are data deficient. Filling these knowledge gaps is critical.


Surveys at sea improve our understanding of these ocean wanderers. Since 2006, marine bird surveys in Canada have surveyed thousands of kilometers. Programs like these must continue long-term to help us understand how populations are changing and what threatens them.

section-header
Increased (21%)

18 species have increased in population since 1970.

Little change (20%)

17 species have experienced little change since 1970.

Decreased (27%)

23 species have decreased in population since 1970.

18

species

17

species

23

species

Data deficient (33%)

28

species
These 28 species spend the majority of their lives far offshore and are difficult to study.


Citizen scientists can help by recording marine bird observations with eBird or by participating in Beached Bird Surveys that document threats to marine birds.

Get Involved
Marine Birds

Threats and conservation

section-header

Threats

Their oceanic lifestyle makes marine birds vulnerable to the effects of climate change, like changing ocean conditions and severe weather. Chemical pollution, ingestion of plastic, tangling in fishing gear, and impacts of shipping and oil extraction also threaten them at sea. Breeding colonies are also under pressure, with invasive predators like rats killing chicks, and more frequent storms flooding nests.


Marine birds face new and worsening threats. Light pollution on shore, vessels, and offshore industrial sites confuses birds at night, causing them to get stranded. These birds are also particularly vulnerable to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). Recent outbreaks have had drastic effects at some breeding colonies.

Conservation actions

Demand action to address the causes of climate change and mitigate its effects.
Support the establishment of marine protected and conserved areas.
Reduce plastic waste and support clean-up efforts. Support efforts to eliminate pollution of all types.
Choose sustainable seafood and support bird-friendly fishing practices.
Reduce sources of light pollution in coastal communities.
Join local marine bird projects that aim to address strandings or support research.
Report sick or dead birds to help monitor Avian Influenza in Canada.

Forest Birds

Forest birds live in Canada's coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests. The birds in this group are as varied as the forests themselves. This large group contains mostly songbirds like vireos, warblers, thrushes, flycatchers, finches, and sparrows. A few birds of prey and several gamebirds like grouse are also forest dwellers.
Feature species

Evening Grosbeak

Forest Birds
The Evening Grosbeak is a bright, nomadic resident of Canada's boreal and mixed forests. This sociable bird gathers in large flocks to feast on seeds and berries through much of the year, but switches mostly to eating insects in summer. It has a particular taste for the Spruce Budworm, whose larvae have a significant, negative impact on Canada’s forests.


The population of Evening Grosbeak has declined drastically since 1970. The reasons for its decline are not yet fully understood, but it is likely affected by habitat alteration, insect decline, and collisions with windows and cars. More research is needed to better understand what is happening to this beautiful bird.

Go to species account
Forest Birds

Defined by variation

There are many different types of forest in Canada, and each is home to different bird communities. The size and diversity of this group makes it difficult to summarize. Forest bird populations appear stable overall, but only because roughly the same number of species are increasing as are decreasing. Understanding which species are declining and why is key to taking conservation action for this group.
section-header
Forest Birds

Population change by species

The trends in this group are diverse, with roughly equal numbers having increased, decreased, and experienced little change. This likely reflects the diversity of birds and habitats it contains.
section-header
Increased (33%)

39 species have increased in population since 1970.

Little change (30%)

36 species have experienced little change since 1970.

Decreased (34%)

41 species have decreased in population since 1970.

39

species

36

species

41

species

Data deficient (3%)

4

species
For 4 species, there is not enough data to determine a trend in their populations.


Volunteers across Canada are contributing to our knowledge of forest birds through the Breeding Bird Survey. To learn about participating, follow the link below.

Get Involved
Forest Birds

Threats and conservation

section-header

Threats

The loss or alteration of forests threatens the birds that rely on them. Logging, mining, urbanization, and development impact forests both in Canada and where these birds spend their nonbreeding seasons. Climate change is affecting forests too, altering the timing of seasonal events and worsening wildfires.


Predation by outdoor cats is a major threat to many birds in this group, especially when migration brings them into urban and rural areas. Window collisions also take a heavy toll on migrating forest birds.

Conservation actions

Support efforts to conserve, enhance, and promote sustainable use of Canada’s forests.
Help combat forest loss in Central and South America by choosing bird-friendly coffee and products with forest certifications.
Keep birds and cats safe by keeping cats from roaming free outdoors, and support efforts to control feral cat populations.
Treat windows to reduce bird strikes, and advocate for window treatments and lights-out practices for large buildings.
Demand action to address the causes of climate change and mitigate its effects.
Support international collaborations to protect migratory birds on migration routes and in their nonbreeding habitats.

Arctic Birds

These hardy birds live in one of Canada’s most remote habitats: the expansive tundra of the Arctic. Some, like the specially adapted ptarmigans, spend their entire lives in this rugged landscape. Others, like Arctic-nesting geese and shorebirds, take advantage of the food-rich Arctic summer and migrate south in the nonbreeding season.
Feature species

Willow Ptarmigan

Arctic Birds
The Willow Ptarmigan is a chicken-like bird of the tundra, where its stocky build and dense plumage help it survive harsh conditions. It tip-toes across the snow on feathery feet, and buries itself in snow drifts on cold nights. It is perfectly in tune with the changing seasons, wearing snow-white feathers in winter and rich brown in summer.


Like many Arctic birds, the Willow Ptarmigan’s northern range means it is not well covered by many monitoring programs. Its population appears stable, but improved monitoring and learning from Indigenous Knowledge is needed to help us understand more, especially as climate change affects the far north.

Go to species account
Arctic Birds

A worrying warning

Because they live in hard-to-reach places, Arctic birds are among the most difficult birds in Canada to monitor. Many are data deficient, and we need more information to fully understand how they are doing. The data we have points to a population that has declined, particularly since the mid-2000s. This may be a warning sign of the effects of climate change on the Canadian Arctic. Dedicated monitoring and northern Indigenous Knowledge are essential to conserving these unique birds.
section-header
Arctic Birds

Population change by species

Some Arctic species have increased in population, but a much larger number have declined. Most concerning is that a quarter of these species are data deficient, meaning we lack information on their populations. Filling this data gap is crucial to understanding and conserving these birds.
section-header
Increased (17%)

11 species have increased in population since 1970.

Little change (17%)

11 species have experienced little change since 1970.

Decreased (39%)

26 species have decreased in population since 1970.

11

species

11

species

26

species

Data deficient (27%)

18

species
For 18 species, there is not enough data to determine a trend in their populations.


Many Arctic birds move south in the nonbreeding season, where they may be observed on Christmas Bird Counts. Participating in your local count helps monitor these northern birds.

Get Involved
Arctic Birds

Threats and conservation

section-header

Threats

Climate change is likely the single largest threat facing Arctic birds, as it will continue to cause significant changes in their northern habitats. Among those is a change in the timing of plant and insect emergence, which is moving out of sync with the birds’ breeding cycles. Industrial activities in the Arctic like shipping, fossil fuel extraction, and mining also pose a risk to these species.


Many Arctic birds are migratory, and so they face additional risks on their annual journeys. The loss of the habitats they use during migration and the nonbreeding season is a major threat.

Conservation actions

Demand action to address the causes of climate change and mitigate its effects.
Limit the use of fossil fuels, and choose greener alternatives when possible.
Support Indigenous-led conservation in the Arctic.
Support Arctic research and monitoring efforts.
Support initiatives to protect stopover and nonbreeding habitat for migratory birds.

Long-Distance Migrants

Many of Canada’s birds fly south for the winter, but the birds in this group fly farthest of all. The long-distance migrants spend their nonbreeding seasons in tropical regions from southern Mexico to South America, or in some cases in Africa or Asia. Many are shorebirds and songbirds, but this group also includes a small number of other species like birds of prey and gulls.
Feature species

Blackpoll Warbler

Long-Distance Migrants
All of Canada’s warblers are migratory, but the Blackpoll is the long-distance champion, migrating from the most northern Canadian boreal forests to South America. Many begin this journey with a stop in the Maritimes, where they eat until they have nearly doubled their body weight. They then fly non-stop to South American shores, making the longest known flight over water of any songbird.


The Blackpoll Warbler population in Canada has declined significantly by about 80% since 1970. It is vulnerable to habitat loss and other threats both in Canada and South America, a conservation challenge for many migratory birds.

Go to species account
Long-Distance Migrants

An international challenge

Long-distance migrants face unique challenges, as they are affected by threats in the many countries and landscapes they visit throughout the year. Helping migratory birds takes cross-border collaboration, so international cooperation is critical to conserving these species.
section-header
Long-Distance Migrants

Population change by species

The long-distance migrants are a diverse group, but their trends are clear. Just under half have declined since 1970. Another 14% are data deficient, meaning there is not enough information to determine their trends.
section-header
Increased (21%)

23 species have increased in population since 1970.

Little change (20%)

22 species have experienced little change since 1970.

Decreased (44%)

48 species have decreased in population since 1970.

23

species

22

species

48

species

Data deficient (14%)

15

species
For 15 species, there is not enough data to determine a trend in their populations.


You can help bridge the data gap by becoming a citizen scientist today.

Get Involved
Long-Distance Migrants

Threats and conservation

section-header

Threats

Long-distance migrants face the same threats as other birds, but their jet-setting lifestyle adds extra challenges. These birds need access to safe places with abundant food to rest and refuel on their travels. Habitat loss and degradation affects these stopover sites, as well as the places the birds spend their nonbreeding seasons.


There are other risks, too. Window collisions, light pollution, hunting, introduced predators like domestic cats, and extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change all may have disproportionate effects on the birds that make the longest and most difficult journeys.

Conservation actions

Support efforts to conserve, enhance, or restore habitats like wetlands, grasslands, and forests.
Combat forest loss in Central and South America by choosing bird-friendly coffee and products with forest certifications.
Keep birds and cats safe by keeping cats from roaming free outdoors, and support efforts to control feral cat populations.
Treat windows to reduce bird strikes, and advocate for window treatments and lights-out practices for large buildings.
Demand action to address the causes of climate change and mitigate its effects.
Support international collaborations to protect migratory birds on migration routes and in their nonbreeding habitats.

Shorebirds

These long-legged birds wade or scurry along the shorelines of oceans, lakes, rivers, and marshes. This group includes plovers, sandpipers, and several related birds. Though they are found in many habitats across Canada, the majority breed in either the Arctic or the Prairies. Many make great annual migrations, and some are among Canada’s longest-distance fliers.
Feature species

Whimbrel

Shorebirds
The Whimbrel is a large shorebird with a curved beak, which it uses to dig invertebrates out of sand or mud, and pluck berries off bushes. It migrates thousands of kilometers between its Arctic breeding grounds and South America, stopping on shorelines to refuel during its journey.


The Whimbrel population has declined drastically since 1970. Migratory stopovers are vital to Whimbrel conservation, and recent monitoring efforts are shedding light on its migratory routes. You can help Whimbrel by leashing dogs, minimizing disturbance along shorelines, and admiring resting birds from afar.

Go to species account
Shorebirds

A precipitous decline

All over the world, shorebirds are in trouble. Their populations in Canada have declined markedly since 1980, and immediate conservation action is needed. Many are threatened by habitat loss on their breeding grounds, but their long annual journeys also make them vulnerable to habitat loss, hunting, and other threats along their migratory routes and on their nonbreeding grounds.
section-header
Shorebirds

Population change by species

Nearly two thirds of Canada’s shorebirds populations have declined. Populations of some species, like Hudsonian Godwit, have fallen by over 90%. Immediate and sustained conservation action is needed to reverse the trend in this vulnerable group of birds.
section-header
Increased (13%)

6 species have increased in population since 1980.

Little change (13%)

6 species have experienced little change since 1980.

Decreased (57%)

26 species have decreased in population since 1980.

6

species

6

species

26

species

Data deficient (17%)

8

species
For 8 species, there is not enough data to determine a trend in their populations.


The Migration Program for Regional and International Shorebird Monitoring (Migration PRISM) is filling knowledge gaps for shorebirds. Learn about volunteering at the link below.

Get Involved
Shorebirds

Threats and conservation

section-header

Threats

Shorebirds, with their varied habitats and long migrations, face many threats. Habitat loss may be the greatest, as the wetlands and coastal areas they rely on are impacted by development, agriculture, pollution, and recreation. The effects of climate change, like changes in the timing of insect emergence in the Arctic and worsening droughts in the Prairies, also put them at risk.


Disturbance and hunting at migration stopovers place additional pressure on shorebirds. Loose dogs, off-road vehicles, and entanglement in garbage can harm or kill birds on beaches and other shorelines.

Conservation actions

Support efforts to conserve, enhance, or restore wetlands and coastal areas.
Demand action to address the causes of climate change and mitigate its effects.
Reduce plastic waste and support clean-up efforts.
Leash dogs on beaches, keep shorelines clean, and give shorebirds space to feed, rest, and nest.
Support international collaborations to protect migratory birds on migration routes and in their nonbreeding habitats.

Aerial Insectivores

Aerial insectivores are linked by their unique feeding strategy of catching insects in flight. Many are among Canada’s fastest and nimblest fliers, and put on spectacular displays in their aerial pursuits. This group includes the swallows, swifts, nightjars, and flycatchers.
Feature species

Bank Swallow

Aerial Insectivores
The tiny Bank Swallow seems bursting with energy, noisily chattering overhead as it zips through the air snapping up insects. Surprisingly, this dainty bird digs deep nest burrows in sandy banks with its beak and feet. Bank Swallows nest together, resulting in colonies of hundreds or even thousands of nests where habitat is good.


Bank Swallows have declined precipitously by over 90% in Canada. The cumulative effects of habitat destruction, pesticide use, and other human activities are likely to blame.

Go to species account
Aerial Insectivores

A glimmer of hope

Canada’s aerial insectivore populations have declined since 1970, and we are only just beginning to understand why. Their population freefall has leveled off in recent years, but while this is a hopeful sign, population levels are far below where they should be. Conservation action is needed to reverse the losses in these vulnerable birds.
section-header
Aerial Insectivores

Population change by species

Most species in this group have declined since 1970. There are signs that some populations are starting to increase, but the future of these birds is far from certain. Conservation action is essential to recovering the losses of the last 50 years.
section-header
Increased (17%)

5 species have increased in population since 1970.

Little change (10%)

3 species have experienced little change since 1970.

Decreased (67%)

20 species have decreased in population since 1970.

5

species

3

species

20

species

Data deficient (7%)

2

species
For 2 species, there is not enough data to determine a trend in their populations.


Volunteers are helping monitor aerial insectivores through dedicated programs like SwiftWatch and the Canadian Nightjar Survey.

Get Involved
Aerial Insectivores

Threats and conservation

section-header

Threats

The threats affecting aerial insectivores are complex and not entirely understood. Declines in insect populations are likely a driving factor. These may be caused by pesticide use, farming practices, wetland drainage, introduced plant species, and the effects of climate change. Many of these birds also rely on wetland or grassland habitats, which are disappearing or being degraded. Threats to these species occur throughout their life cycles, during breeding, roosting, migration and on the nonbreeding grounds.

Conservation actions

Reduce the use of pesticides and support less harmful pest management strategies.
Support efforts to conserve, enhance, or restore habitats like wetlands, grasslands, and forests.
If you own property, make it more bird and insect-friendly by planting native trees, shrubs, and flowering plants.
Demand action to address the causes of climate change and mitigate its effects.

Grassland Birds

Grassland birds are specially adapted to life in the grass-dominated habitats of the Prairies, and smaller grasslands in other parts of Canada. This group includes songbirds like longspurs, sparrows, and Bobolink, as well as some shorebirds and birds of prey. Like the grasslands they inhabit, these birds are in serious trouble.
Feature species

Chestnut-collared Longspur

Grassland Birds
The Chestnut-collared Longspur is perfectly specialized for life in Canada’s native grasslands. Its muted tones conceal it among the grasses as it walks on the ground in search of insects and seeds. The burbling song of the male, sung in flight over its habitat, is a cheerful and iconic feature of this region.


The Chestnut-collared Longspur's population has decreased by over 95% since 1970. This alarming decline is caused by the destruction, degradation, and fragmentation of the native grasslands it needs. It is a symbol for a group of birds that is disappearing, and in dire need of immediate conservation action.

Go to species account
Grassland Birds

A conservation crisis

Canada’s grassland birds are running out of time. The native grasslands on which they depend are the most endangered habitat in the country, putting these birds at the epicenter of a conservation crisis. This group has declined more than any other since 1970. Without substantial conservation action, several of these species are at risk of disappearing from Canada.
section-header
Grassland Birds

Population change by species

Grassland birds are well studied in Canada, with just a single species lacking data. Unfortunately, all of the data points in the same direction. Only four species in this group have increased and the vast majority of populations have declined, many severely.
section-header
Increased (13%)

4 species have increased in population since 1970.

Little change (16%)

5 species have experienced little change since 1970.

Decreased (69%)

22 species have decreased in population since 1970.

4

species

5

species

22

species

Data deficient (3%)

1

species
Just one species is data deficient in this group. This excellent coverage means the situation is just as dire as it appears.


We will lose grassland birds if their habitats are not conserved. Share this information and speak out. Tell decision-makers, industry, and others that grasslands matter.
Share
Grassland Birds

Threats and conservation

section-header

Threats

The biggest threat to these birds is the destruction and fragmentation of the grasslands they rely on. The conversion of grasslands to croplands is the main cause, but urban expansion, roads, and the oil and gas industries also contribute. Climate change is also drastically affecting the Prairies, causing both droughts and floods to be more frequent and severe.


Agricultural pesticides affect grassland food webs, and may have health impacts on the birds themselves. These habitats are also naturally managed by fire, and the suppression of fires allows woody plants to colonize, making the habitat less suitable for grassland birds.

Conservation actions

Protect the few remaining grasslands by supporting efforts to conserve or restore native grasslands, and programs that compensate landowners for maintaining native grassland habitats.
Support initiatives and legislation that address biodiversity loss and recognize the value of biodiversity in agricultural working landscapes.
When choosing beef, select sustainable grass-fed beef, which supports the conservation of native grasslands as working landscapes.
Reduce the use of pesticides and support approaches like regenerative agriculture. Reduce disturbance on grasslands during the breeding season and delay haying until baby birds have left the nest.
Demand action to address the causes of climate change and mitigate its effects.

A clearer picture

This report presents the best state of our knowledge of birds in Canada. Five years have passed since The 2019 State of Canada’s Birds report. In that time, the methods for analysis and assessment have improved, and we have added data for many species that were data deficient before. Some things have changed, but many of the lessons and key messages remain the same.


Conservation takes sustained, long-term action, and there are many new initiatives that aim to reverse declines and keep common birds common. To evaluate the success of these efforts, we must start by having something to aim for.

section-header

Setting Goals for Conservation

New for this report, The State of Canada’s Birds has set population goals for all native species with enough data. These ambitious, long-term goals are detailed in the species accounts. The goals consider long-term trends, recent trends, and the variation that naturally occurs in populations over time.


Some species are within their goal ranges, and so are not of conservation concern. Others are below their goal ranges, and need help to recover. These goals help guide and prioritize conservation action.

paper clip

Goal status

Population goals can also act as our report card. The number of species below their goals gives us an idea of how we are doing, and where there is work yet to do. Currently, for the 390 species where we have set goals, 57% are within their goal ranges, while 42% are below their goal ranges. Less than 1% of species are above their goal ranges. A further 57 species did not have enough data to allow us to set a goal. Monitoring is critical for these species.


Acting quickly is key to conservation success. As a population gets smaller, it becomes harder, riskier, and more costly to recover. To help declining species and keep common birds common, we can use these goals to prioritize conservation action where it will do the most good.

All species

(390 species)
below goal:166 species
within goal:222 species
above goal:2 species

Goal status by group

Every group of birds has some species that are meeting their goals, and some that are not. Even groups that have shown growth, like waterfowl and birds of prey, include birds that are in trouble. Five groups have more than half of their species below their goals: Arctic birds, shorebirds, aerial insectivores, grassland birds, and long-distance migrants.


Not all species that are below their goals are considered Threatened or Endangered, but many are heading in that direction. When a species drops below its goal range, it is an early warning that we need to take action.

Waterfowl

(37 species)
below goal:8 species
within goal:27 species
above goal:2 species

Birds of Prey

(32 species)
below goal:8 species
within goal:24 species

Wetland Birds

(59 species)
below goal:16 species
within goal:43 species

Marine Birds

(56 species)
below goal:24 species
within goal:32 species

Forest Birds

(112 species)
below goal:39 species
within goal:73 species

Arctic Birds

(47 species)
below goal:26 species
within goal:19 species
above goal:2 species

Long-Distance Migrants

(91 species)
below goal:46 species
within goal:45 species

Shorebirds

(38 species)
below goal:26 species
within goal:12 species

Aerial Insectivores

(28 species)
below goal:20 species
within goal:8 species

Grassland Birds

(31 species)
below goal:22 species
within goal:9 species
Goal legend
Above goal
These few species have populations that have grown beyond their natural levels, and now pose a risk to their habitats.
Within goal
These species are within their goal range, indicating that they are not currently of conservation concern.
Below goal
These species are below their goal range, indicating that conservation action is needed to help them recover.

Together we can help birds

We’ve seen that many of Canada’s birds are in trouble. Goals give us something to work towards and a way to measure our progress. Armed with this information, what can we do?


The final section of this report provides practical ways to help birds in your everyday life, and highlights some exciting conservation programs that are already underway.

Act, Advocate, Conserve

If we take action, we can stop and reverse the loss of birds in Canada. By acting immediately and collectively, we give birds the best chance to survive and thrive into the future. This section outlines things we can all do to save birds and their habitats.
paper clip

You can act for birds

Everyone has the power to help birds. Simple actions in your everyday life can make a real, positive difference for Canada’s birds and their habitats. Sharing these ideas with others grows your impact exponentially.

Learn more about helping birds
section-header

What you can do:

Create and protect habitat for birds. Plant native plants. If you own a property, reduce pesticide use and make windows safer for birds, or consider leaving a legacy for future generations through the Ecological Gifts Program.
Keep cats indoors, or provide outside time with a leash or catio. Leash dogs on beaches where there may be shorebirds, and in other sensitive areas.
Fighting climate change requires action by government and industry, but you can also help by using less fossil fuel, wasting less food, using less energy at home, and eating less meat.
Volunteer for bird conservation. Take part in a Citizen Science program through Birds Canada or Environment and Climate Change Canada. Participate in initiatives like tree plantings, invasive species control, habitat creation, and restoration projects.
Choose bird-friendly products, if you are able, such as organic produce, Smithsonian Bird Friendly certified coffee, FSC certified paper products, certified sustainable seafood, and Canadian grass-fed beef.
Buy less, and produce less waste, especially single-use plastics. Ensure garbage and recycling are disposed of properly, help with local clean-ups, or pick up trash when you are able.
Learn more about helping birds

You can advocate for birds

Individual action is important, but we have a greater impact when we speak and act together. There are lots of ways you can be a champion for birds, and join others in calling for conservation action.

Learn more
section-header

What you can do

Learn more about birds, and share what you learn, as connection is the first step to conservation.
Contribute to a birding community that is inclusive and accessible to everyone.
Support local, regional, and national organizations that work for the conservation of birds and their habitats. You can volunteer, share online content, or donate.
Speak to your political representatives and policy-makers about the issues that are affecting birds in your area like habitat loss and degradation, as well as the importance of addressing climate change. Vote with nature in mind.
Learn more

We’re all in this together

Individuals can truly make a difference for birds in Canada, but large-scale action is also vitally important. Governments, Indigenous-led efforts, and conservation organizations across the country are mobilizing to help birds and their habitats. The initiatives below are just a few examples of programs that are working to combat the loss of Canada’s birds.

migration map in the americas

The power of many

Most of the data used to produce The State of Canada’s Birds comes from Citizen Science programs. Every year, tens of thousands of dedicated, volunteer Citizen Scientists collect data on birds in Canada. These data feed into projects like the Breeding Bird Survey, breeding bird atlases, and the Christmas Bird Count, as well as many others, and make irreplaceable contributions to our understanding of birds in Canada.


The State of Canada’s Birds would not be possible without their hard work and dedication. If you have participated in efforts to monitor Canada’s birds, thank you.


Spread the word about helping Canada’s birds by sharing this report!

Share
section-header

Acknowledgements

The State of Canada’s Birds is presented in partnership by Birds Canada and Environment and Climate Change Canada.

Editors: Kyle Horner, Marie-Anne Hudson, Catherine Jardine, Marcel Gahbauer, Willow English, Denis Lepage

Data and Web: Catherine Jardine, Shane Creighton-Young, Brennen Creighton-Young, Denis Lepage, Janelle Baetiong, Farhad Makiabady

Statistical Analysis: Adam Smith, Tim Meehan, Frédérique Tremblay, Danielle Ethier, David Iles, Doug Tozer

Data Contributors: The trends used to compile this report were contributed by Birds Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, The National Audubon Society, and the United States Geological Survey, supported by dozens of other partner organizations. The majority of the data were collected by volunteer Citizen Scientists - their dedication, expertise, and hard work make The State of Canada’s Birds possible.

Technical Review: Sue Abbott, Jody Allair, Natasha Barlow, Brendan Boyd, Michael Brasher, Ted Cheskey, Katherine Conkin, Ian Cook, Pete Davidson, Kiel Drake, Matt Dyson, Wendy Easton, Charles Francis, Carina Gjerdrum, Andrea Gress, Christine Lepage, Amie MacDonald, Nancy Mahony, Allison Manthorne, Laura McFarlane Tranquilla, Ann McKellar, Barry Robinson, Natalie Savoie, Graham Sorenson, Sabina Wilhelm

Review: Review and feedback from several organizations were instrumental for this report. In particular, we thank Nature Canada and Ducks Unlimited Canada.

Communications: Jody Allair, Andrea Gress, LeaAnne Ross, Josianne Vignola, Geneviève Houle-Grisé, Kyle Horner. We also thank the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ducks Unlimited, Nature Canada, and BirdLife International for their participation in the communications process.

Translation: Review and translation of the French site were provided by Serge Gagné, Denis Lepage, Christine Lepage, Jules Saladzius, and Fiona Couillard Tousignant.

Art and Design: Watercolour art by Shaylena Stenback. This report was designed by Breanne Dagenais at Punchard Systems. Icons and other graphics were contributed by Alexandre Nicole. Reference photos were contributed by Christian Artuso, Jacques Bouvier, Alix d'Entremont, Kyle Horner, Jukka Jantunen, Catherine Jardine, Emily Mesner, Nick Saunders, Mark Peck, and ZankaM.

Recommended Citation: Birds Canada and Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2024. The State of Canada’s Birds Report. Accessed from NatureCounts. DOI: https://doi.org/10.71842/8bab-ks08